Platelet disorders like ITP
Platelet Disorders: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is a disorder characterized by a low platelet count due to the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying platelets. Platelets are blood cells that help with clotting, so a decrease in their number can lead to easy bruising, bleeding, and other complications. ITP can be either acute or chronic and may affect individuals of all ages.
Types of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
- Acute ITP: Often seen in children, acute ITP typically follows a viral infection and can resolve on its own within a few months.
- Chronic ITP: More common in adults, chronic ITP lasts for more than six months and may require long-term management. It can occur without a known cause or be associated with other conditions.
Causes and Risk Factors of ITP
The exact cause of ITP is often unknown, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune response where the body’s immune system attacks its own platelets. Potential risk factors include:
- Autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus)
- Viral infections (e.g., HIV, hepatitis C)
- Certain medications (e.g., heparin)
- Pregnancy (can trigger gestational ITP)
Symptoms of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
- Easy bruising
- Frequent nosebleeds
- Prolonged bleeding from cuts
- Small red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae)
- Heavy or abnormal menstrual bleeding in women
Diagnosis and Treatment Options for ITP
Diagnosing ITP involves blood tests to measure platelet levels and to rule out other causes of low platelet count. Additional tests may include bone marrow examination or screening for underlying conditions. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:
- Corticosteroids: Medications such as prednisone to help increase platelet count by suppressing the immune system.
- Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): Used to quickly increase platelet count in certain situations.
- Platelet Transfusions: May be used in emergency situations, although they are not a long-term solution.
- Spleen Removal (Splenectomy): In cases where other treatments are not effective, removing the spleen can reduce platelet destruction.